Transcription factors are key regulator of gene expressing and are crucial for determining tissues and cells properties. Of course the transcription factors can accomplish their functions only when they are included into a well organized network. Thus, the scientific interest is now switched on the relationship and interaction between transcription factors.

Some behavioral diseases, such as compulsive and obsessive disorders, arise from genetic alterations. A kind of cells that seems importantly involved in these processes are the microglia cells. Microglia cells belong to the immune system and usually protect brain from infections. In mouse model that have a compulsory grooming it has been showed that the microglie is reduced. Researchers from the Utah University elucidated a molecular mechanism that seemed to cause compulsory problems.

The important benefits of physical exercise are broadly known, but there was a gap between empyrical experience and biochemical metabolism. A recent study published on Science Translational Medicine journal helps to fill this gap. In particular, scientists from the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston USA demonstrated by mass spectrometry the biochemical changes in runners metabolism.

This is the news of the day: scientists fro the Craig Venter Institute generated the first genome of a viable cells. The research has been published on Science Express and in few hours has been diffused and commented around the world. What is the story of this clamorous paper? Scientists used one yeast strain as a model. Firstly, they in silico designed the genome and placed some sequences of control in order to surely distinguish synthetic genome from the natural one.

Beta cells transplantation seems the most promising therapy for diabetes, because other current treatments loss their favorable advantage and can not avoid serious adverse effects, such as hyperglycemia. Embryonic stem cells are the ideal biological tool to achieve the complete restoring of pancreatic islet. Current research on diabetes is focused on the identification of a protocol to culture cells. Indeed, embryonic stem cells must be differentiated in order to produce insulin.

Endocytosis is a process crucial for cellular life. Through endocytosis, extracellular components can be internalized and metabolized. One situation in which endocytosis is extremely important is the synaptic communication. Indeed, to finely tune the signal, endocytosis contributes to remove receptors from the cellular membrane and stop the signal.

Animal models are usually used in broader range of experiments, including pain study. Even if ethic committees preserve animals from useless sufferance and regulate the animal use self, sometimes scientists should perform painful experiments and it is not so easy to determine the pain threshold.

The peer review process is the current procedure to publish scientific papers. Scientists usually submit their work to the journal of choice and the editor in chief sends the manuscripts to a series of expert reviewers, able to critically judge the draft. This process should guarantee the goodness of science, but it doesn’t always correctly work.

Experimental research uses modern and old cellular biology techniques for an high number of applications. For this reason, cellular biology shows great advances in last decades. Improvement in cell culture media allows propagating cell lines that was not possible to culture just few years ago. For instance, stem cells are now available and can be maintained in plate without loosing their stemness.

Last year, a scientist from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Swiss) proposed and patented a computerized method to perform online revision process for publications. This system allows an interactive peer review: authors submit their paper and automatically the best peer reviewers are contacted in order to immediately evaluate the work with high competence. Then, authors and reviewers can discuss and talk as in an on- line forum.